Steenbergen, The Netherlands
Plan of Bourtange, The Netherlands, 1742
Clockwise: Palmanova, Italy | Coevoerden, The Netherlands | Nicosia, Cipro | Neuf Brisach, France
Palmanova, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
Other important examples in Italy are Sabbioneta and Guastalla.
Coevorden, 1951. Please note the difference between Palmanova that is still the same from XV century and how, instead, the city of Coevroden has been modified by the urban planning and the civilization. The rail (on the left) cuts completely the shape of the old city.
Naarden, The Netherlands. Still the same.
What it's very interesting in this post is to note that the born of cannons and the age of gunpowder changed completely the shape of european cities.
Since the XV century almost all the cities were designed to defende themselves and also to be ready to face the enemies from all the sides and this is why the star shape was the best to respond to this problem.
